A notary public looks at a notarial certificate and sees the phrase 'subscribed and sworn to (or affirmed) before me.' What type of notarial act does this wording indicate?

Detailed Explanation

Distinguishing jurat wording from acknowledgment wording. 'Subscribed and sworn to (or affirmed) before me' is the key wording of a jurat. The jurat requires the signer to sign in the presence of the notary and take an oath or affirmation. The acknowledgment uses 'personally appeared' and does not require the signer to sign in the notary's presence or take an oath.